Key Pieces of Good Topics for a Proposal Essay

Key Pieces of Good Topics for a Proposal Essay How to Choose Good Topics for a Proposal Essay Proposal essays are frequently used in business courses which are the less academic ones. Nevertheless you're incorrect. The big distinction is that the argumentative essay should demonstrate a discussion instead of a single opinion. In the event you're trying hard to think of a best choice of interesting proposal essay topics, here are a couple conventions you might want to follow. In fact, this kind of argument is targeted at finding common ground. The key arguments being made in your proposal also needs to be reiterated. Good Topics for a Proposal Essay Secrets That No One Else Knows About The main reason is our experts are alumni from the identical college you're pursuing degrees. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Proposal essays are typical in company and science classes and professions, but are also handy for a range of unique disciplines. Writing a propos al essay isn't as difficult as it might sound, it isn't important the way your professor or teacher describes it. What to Expect From Good Topics for a Proposal Essay? Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. If you've been requested to compose your essay in APA format, you have to know the key features of APA format. Now you are aware that proposal essay has to be done employing the prescribed form. Developing a proposal essay is a procedure that obviously needs some particular preparation. The Good Topics for a Proposal Essay Chronicles Now you know how to structure a research proposal, it's time to start the job. A thesis is the consequence of a prolonged thinking procedure and careful deliberation after preliminary research. The process of producing a proposal essay takes some time, so be sure you give yourself plenty of research and planning time prior to starting. The goal of proposal writing is to persuade others your topic should be investigated. If you sti ll are looking for some more topics, you're welcome to examine science research proposal topics on our blog to create your academic writing life much simpler. Therefore, you are able to easily find a great deal of captivating topics. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to choose what interests you the most. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Traditionally, proposal essay doesn't differ from other essay types regarding structure. You may want to look at a fantastic proposal essay example before you get started writing. Normally, a proposal essay has to have the next elements. It is very simple to understand. A personal or proposal essay must be persuasive. Personal essay topics may vary. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. It's better to tackle the opposing ideas from different scholars so you're able to create an all-round academic paper. Rather, it has to manage a specific issue, and ought to demonstrate a specific theory. If you pick a topic that isn't of interest to you, it is going to show in your paper. The 5-Minute Rule for Good Topics for a Proposal Essay Keep in mind, a proposal essay is an attempt to persuade your reader that the idea you're projecting is well worth pursuing. Dependent on the illustration of creating economies, look into the association between globalization and democratization The proposal essay topics on globalization will enable you to delve into some of the most complicated phenomena which take place in today's world. Sure thing, your essay isn't going to alter the planet, but it is goi ng to present your talent and writing skills. Outside of an educational setting, proposal essays are usually only written as a way of solving an issue, or showing one potential means to address an issue. A great essay plan needs to be mapped to be able to know the direction of the essay for a young age. Make a list of everything that you believe is interesting and confirm your list with your teacher to make sure that you're staying on topic. Take the time to compose the points in a different place from the one which you are likely to compose the essay. You would like to look like you were well prepared to compose your essay, and not only throwing something together. Not everybody can write the ideal essay and should you don't have the time to do the suitable quantity of research and compose the paper within the deadline, you might find yourself struggling and stressing out. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the se lection of a superior cause and effect essay topic. When writing about government and politics, it is necessary to pick the topics which are definitely the most relevant to you and your house country. When you look around, you're observe social issues that affect society every single day. Identifying an issue and proposing one or more solutions ought to be a crucial component in your essay. You don't wish to select a topic that's too broad, or that there are too many distinct solutions for. Due to the continuing degradation of the surroundings and the negative impacts of globalization, it is crucial to come up with proposal papers with relevant thoughts and solutions. It's also vital that you note other possible solutions to your problem and any prospective pitfalls of your proposal. At times, proposal essays are linked to acute social troubles, like racial or sexual discrimination. Persuasive essays share a good deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. Informative essays are somewhat more descriptive. Argumentative essays are among several essay that's main Here, we supply a list that's extensive of essay prompts and a couple of ideas. Naturally, it's important to pick a topic which you like to write about. Clarify how you'll address your topic, identify sub-arguments you should prove to create your large argument true. The very best topic for an essay is the one which you want to know more about, because if you prefer topic you'll be able to research it well and make a superior conclusion. There are various proposal essay topics that can be researched to help give you inspiration, though whatever you opt to do, check it is a proper topic with your professor, and make certain you've got an interest in this issue. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main issue to do is to select a topic and an argument you could really get behind. There's no established definition of a fantastic subject, and the right sort of topic will be different based on the subject you're studying, but there a few things which will often constitute a great essay topic. All you will need is the proper topic. The very first thing you will need is to locate a great theme.

Trade Unions Management

Question: Should trade unions continue in contemporary human resource management? Explain. Answer: Introduction Trade unions are a very old concept and it is one such concept that is being used across organization in different industry segments and different geographies. This concept is widely used because it helps to create a win-win situation for both employer and employees. With trade unions, employer also gets a representation to which it can lists down its expectations. With trade unions, organizations can also achieve higher standardization in place. Trade unions can also help organizations or employers to have a set of defined processes and policies that employee must follow (Ferguson, 2013). It also provides a structure approach to the interaction between employees and employer. One of the important benefits of trade unions is that it helps to create a trust factor in employees. However, the trade unions are on an extinction path. With the evolution of contemporary Human Resource Management, the role of trade unions have marginalized. The objective of this essay is to discuss the impor tance of trade unions in todays world and to analyze the importance of trade unions. The essay would also make the point, if trade unions be continue or not. Analysis Authors defined the crises of trade union. Authors pointed out that going forward trade union would definitely have a role to play in public sector but its role in private sector and closed firms is uncertain. It is believed that firms in private sector have a clear goal of profit making. If trade unions can help them to increase the productivity of employees by minimizing employee grievances then trade unions could be a key for private firms also. Meardi, (2012) compared trade unions to endangered species. They argued that trade unions should not be thought of as endangered species (at least now). Authors highlighted that it is correct that the role of trade unions has become limited and people may not like the idea of full fledge trade unions but it appears that trade union would continue to be part of businesses and industry. It is also possible the current roles of trade unions would change but it would continue to be part of industry. It is also believed that trade unions hold the capacity to shape their own future. At this moment, the future is not all bright but it appears that trade unions would make steps to make themselves agile, flexible, output oriented so that they can have a bigger role in organizational and employee development. It is important that the trade unions should be thought of as a body that could be useful for both employees and employer. The agreement of the partnership between employer and union can be at strategic level that would help both employees and employer. It would be correct to say that HRM should not be considered as a ploy to neutralize trade union power. In fact, HRM function should enable trade unions to work effectively. At the same time, it would also be correct to say that the role of traditional union government would vanish if it focuses only one negotiation. It is the time when trade unions would have to evolve and adopt some additional function in order to be in the race. (Paauwe, 2009) highlighted that it is the time when trade unions should join hands with HRM function in the organization. It would be correct to say that the power of trade unions is being diminished, as the things in the organizations are getting process oriented and not people dependent. The role of trade unions has been marginalized. To some extent, this also depends on the way organizations have evolved from 1960s and 1970s when trade unions used to play a major role. The performance based reward systems and flexible working environment are the reasons for extinction of trade unions. In 1960s, job stability was more important that the growth and that is the reason of establishment of trade unions. (Glassner Pochet) highlighted that in todays world, it is the growth that matters. Even employees may not want to participate in union affairs. The need of the hour is that there should be a direct relationship and communication between employer and employees. Traditionally, trade unions do plays a critical role in manufacturing industry. In fact, the concept of trade unions were orchestrated to facilitate and safeguard the rights of line workers and mid-level management in manufacturing and other associated industries. So, Yes, trade unions have been a feature of an economy based on manufacturing but trade unions have been a feature in other industries also. Moreover, the culture of strike has been associated with firms in manufacturing industry. Hence, trade unions have been associated deeply with firms in manufacturing sector. It is correct to say that the trend of trade unions have reduced significantly in last 30 years. It appears very unlikely that this trend would be reversed in the near future. The rise of capitalism, privatization and liberalization are important factors that have reduced the role of trade unions (Restubog, 2011). This trend can be reversed if capitalism, privatization and liberalization go out of the market and is replaced by socialism, communism and non-privatization. It appears very unlikely that government would change its policies around the way market forces operate. Hence it is very unlikely too that this trend would change. However, trade unions can play a crucial role in private and modern day organizations also. It is a very relevant point that Trade Unions have made significant contribution in the working of employees and operations of employer still there contribution is less known. The first connotation with trade unions comes as strike or industrial unrest. Traditionally, trade unions have played a major role to uphold the safety and health environment in factories and industrial set up. In todays time of globalization, internationalization and Internet, we can say that trade unions are of less importance but trade unions have played a significant role in 1960s and 1970s. Messersmith Guthrie, (2010) highlighted that the contribution of trade unions cannot be marginalized. It is just the point that HRM function has evolved and emerged as critical business function. People would often blame trade unions in case of ill effects on employee wellbeing. Whereas trade unions do not get much of the appreciation when things are in place. Conclusion With the above discussion, it can be said that trade unions, which would have good leaders at, top and which would be able to have good negotiation skills would be able to survive. The survival of trade unions would also depend on organizational policies. It is important that employees and employer should realize all the benefits that trade unions can offer. It is important that trade unions should be consider as a platform for industrial relationship and it should not be mixed with politics. With the above discussion, it can be said that Trade Unions would continue to have a role in contemporary human resource management. Precisely, it can be said that HRM function and trade unions can co exists. HRM function can be a platform where trade unions can evolve and mature References Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., Jimmieson, N. L., Irmer, B. E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover.Group Organization Management, 1059601110392990. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C. M., Ferguson, J. D., Sziklai, A. T., Verma, A. K., Popowski, J. E., Sturgeon, D. H. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,484,111. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Glassner, V., Pochet, P. (2011). Why trade unions seek to coordinate wages and collective bargaining in the Eurozone: past developments and future prospects. Meardi, G. (2012). Union immobility? Trade unions and the freedoms of movement in the enlarged EU.British Journal of Industrial Relations,50(1), 99-120. Messersmith, J. G., Guthrie, J. P. (2010). High performance work systems in emergent organizations: Implications for firm performance.Human resource management,49(2), 241-264. Paauwe, J. (2009). HRM and performance: Achievements, methodological issues and prospects.Journal of management studies,46(1), 129-142. Schalkwyk, J., Beeferman, D., Beaufays, F., Byrne, B., Chelba, C., Cohen, M., ... Strope, B. (2010). Your Word is my Command: Google Search by Voice: A Case Study. InAdvances in Speech Recognition(pp. 61-90). Springer US. https://hbr.org/2010/04/positive-peer-pressure-a-power/

the commute free essay sample

7:00am at the latest I leave Northford, CT, where I live to drive thirty to forty minutes to school. Every school morning my loving Dad and stepmom, wake me up. I struggle through the haze of sleepiness to shower, dress, and eat Breakfast at six in the morning, instead of ten minutes before the bell rings like most of my classmates, and then I’m off to school. During the forty minute drive,I have time to think all alone driving down the highway. Music only entertains me for a short while before I turn it down, and my mind starts to wander. I think about many things during this adventure to school that I embark on every day, such as the homework and what the purpose of it was, or even insignificant things about friends like funny comments Celena made that day and how she thought of them. I watch people passing on the highway and think of what they might be going to do and even what they’ve done. We will write a custom essay sample on the commute or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Either I pass them or they pass me but everyones different. Some scratch their noses while intently watching the road and some stare back. An old man and his wife going out to a late breakfast, atleast to them, or a middle aged man seeming stressed and rushed with two kids in back most likely going to daycare. However, I always end up reflecting upon what I’ve done. I try to come up with a list of good things I have done in my life and what impact I’ve made on others. Trying to stay positive I ignore the mistakes I’ve made. Too many times have I spent sitting alone and silent thinking about the things I could have done better or not done at all and let them bog down my mind and keep me from bettering myself. I’ve never had a dream of what I wanted to do or really of what I will do until now this senior year of high school. I’ve come up with a lot of answers but none really seem too impressive so I try harder and harder all the time. I try to excel during the day and once again reflect on the ride home. of what I did that day and if it brought me any closer to that impressive answer I’m looking for and still to this day I don’t have much to say that I feel would interest anyone besides myself or my family. However I think I’ve found a reason for that. I don’t think anyone really knows how to answer that question until their life is really over; Sort of in the sense that your life flashes in front of your eyes before you die but in a more realistic sense. I think that I can’t answer that question because I’ve only lived a fraction of my life and still have time to come up with an answer that fits my liking. I’m not sure if everyone thinks the same things I do and have pondered this as well but I think it’s meant to happen. Every once in a while you need to step back and look at what you have and sort of find the flaws and take time to make them better. I think about this e very day before school and it makes me try that much harder everyday to add to my final answer or speech about my life and what I’ve done. I know I still have a lot of time to excel and become the best I can through expanding my education through college, start a family, get my first career and so on. Even if I don’t know quite what I would like to do yet, I think attending a liberal arts school would give me the options and choices I need to really find what I like and can succeed in. The point is I can tell you who I am now, but there would be so much left out that has yet to happen. This is only the beginning to my life and I want to make the best out of it so every day. I take that forty minutes that I drive before and after school to look at myself and who I am and how I can make that ride a little bit more pleasant by adding more good everyday and put a smile on my face knowing I’m happy with myself and that not only I can live with that, but I can make it even better.

Free Essays on Emerging Counselor

Midterm Review chapters 2, 3, & 5 â€Å"Emerging Counselor† CHAPTER 1 A quality counselor education program Program accreditation Professional organizations often set up accrediting agencies to promote, evaluate, and recognize institutions and programs that meet professionally recognized criteria. Accreditation provides programs with advantages: -Clients will have confidence that counselor was trained -Providing most modern training -Seek university support-adequate levels of support (faculty-student ratios) -Higher quality of faculty and students look for accreditation -Allows grad students to receive a license or cert with fewer hassles -Accreditation standards correlate to what grad programs teach so exams for licensure is easy Strong accreditation bodies-Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs and Council on Rehabilitation Education. Ohio University -CCOAS (Community Counseling), SC (School Counseling), and CE: PhD (Counselor Education) CORE CONTENTS AREAS Human Development and growth- how people develop, and the e impact of this on human functioning. Strong emphasis on behaviors and transitions across the full life span. Why people are the way they are at different life stages. Cultural and social foundations- the environment surrounding people referred to as social and cultural foundations has major impact...we live in a multicultural world. This area also helps broaden your understanding of multicultural life Helping relationship Skills and Group Work Skills- must develop relationship skills to be a counselor but this takes it a step further... need to learn how to work these skills in-groups. Activities for example will help- role playing, perform leadership functions, and evaluate group progress as a whole. Presently there is an awful a lot of debate about this field of work (group practice will work but must understand the relationships while do... Free Essays on Emerging Counselor Free Essays on Emerging Counselor Midterm Review chapters 2, 3, & 5 â€Å"Emerging Counselor† CHAPTER 1 A quality counselor education program Program accreditation Professional organizations often set up accrediting agencies to promote, evaluate, and recognize institutions and programs that meet professionally recognized criteria. Accreditation provides programs with advantages: -Clients will have confidence that counselor was trained -Providing most modern training -Seek university support-adequate levels of support (faculty-student ratios) -Higher quality of faculty and students look for accreditation -Allows grad students to receive a license or cert with fewer hassles -Accreditation standards correlate to what grad programs teach so exams for licensure is easy Strong accreditation bodies-Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs and Council on Rehabilitation Education. Ohio University -CCOAS (Community Counseling), SC (School Counseling), and CE: PhD (Counselor Education) CORE CONTENTS AREAS Human Development and growth- how people develop, and the e impact of this on human functioning. Strong emphasis on behaviors and transitions across the full life span. Why people are the way they are at different life stages. Cultural and social foundations- the environment surrounding people referred to as social and cultural foundations has major impact...we live in a multicultural world. This area also helps broaden your understanding of multicultural life Helping relationship Skills and Group Work Skills- must develop relationship skills to be a counselor but this takes it a step further... need to learn how to work these skills in-groups. Activities for example will help- role playing, perform leadership functions, and evaluate group progress as a whole. Presently there is an awful a lot of debate about this field of work (group practice will work but must understand the relationships while do...

Importance of Writing in Business Profession Essay

Importance of Writing in Business Profession - Essay Example   According to her, students should be versed with the current trends in the industry by reading widely something that also contributed to her success.   In addition, she also states that â€Å"working in other industries including service industry also helped† her develop experience in writing.   On the other hand, Jane Zhao also experienced challenges in different writings that have to be done in her job. Due to the kind of operations that take place in Dell Incl., writing and presenting departmental reports were challenging to her. In this regard, Jane Zhao had to be trained on various but relevant technical issues that were necessary for her to carry out her duties effectively. Therefore, she further advises that â€Å"students pursuing business major have to be flexible† in whatever field they get an opportunity in order to learn new writing skills necessary for their success.   The future of business major student is going to be tough because of several re asons. To start with, there are many graduates of business major than are the job opportunities. Jane Zhao explains that every year she receives thousands of applications from graduate students in the business major yet there may be no single opening. According to her, â€Å"students should develop a good network with professionals† in order to increase their chances of getting a job after their graduation.   Secondly, many industries are diversifying their income avenues while streamlining their expenditure hence reducing the number of employees.

IRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IRS - Essay Example Taxation is one of the main ways in which the government gets money to fund its budget and offer service to the citizens. IRS is therefore a very important department of the government as it facilitates the government to collect funds from both individuals and corporations. IRS is also involved in formulating tax laws to help the government improve its tax collection methods and look in to new ways of helping the government get more finances through taxation (Malamut and Blach, 2008). Both corporations and individuals have the legal obligation of paying taxes to enable the government in its operations. There are however other institutions, individuals and corporations that have been legally exempted from paying taxes for various reasons. Since the IRS is only concerned with tax collections, it is expected that those exempted from paying taxes fall outside the legal mandate of the Internal Revenue Service. Among those exempted from paying taxes include Non Profit Organizations (NPO). These are organizations whose main objective is to serve the community through offering goods and services that help improve the living standards and the lifestyle of the people. Nonprofit Organizations are involved in activities such as sensitizing the community on health issues, enlightening the community with respect to their legal obligations, fighting discrimination among other issues. Unlike other organizations, the nonprofit organizations do not have profit making as their prime objective. Due to the good work these organizations are engaged in within the community, the law exempts them from paying taxes so as to motivate them to carry on with their good work. Despite profit not being their main objective, nonprofit organizations often report huge profits from their activities. Questions have arisen over whether these organizations ought to be taxed in such cases where they make huge profits (Malamut and Blach, 2008). A move to tax the organizations has been vehemently oppose d with most people being of the view that the profits only help the organizations improve the quality of their services. This has maintained the nonprofit sector outside the scope of the IRS. The national tax collection agency, IRS, has come under intense pressure from various sections of the country for its involvement in the affairs of nonprofit making organizations. The Internal revenue service (IRS) has recently been meddling in the management of nonprofit organizations (Chait & Taylor, 2005). The nonprofit organizations and other people see this as the IRS acting beyond its scope of work. The IRS however claims it is justified to monitor the leadership of these organizations despite them falling outside its scope. IRS has stated that its monitoring of the management affairs of nonprofit organizations is meant to ensure they comply with tax laws of the country (Hopkins, 2011). The organizations fall under the scope of the tax collection institutions since they are required by la w to adhere to observe tax regulations by strictly engaging in charitable missions within the community. The Internal Revenue Service aims at ensuring the organizations operate exclusively for charitable works. There is also great need to ensure that these organizations use their assets, including profits they earn, to help them accomplish charitable ends. By insisting on good governance, the IRS hopes to

Disruptive Technologies And The Innovation Dilemma

Disruptive Technologies And The Innovation Dilemma Disruptive technology was first introduced in Clayton Christensen article Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave (1995) which was co-wrote with Joseph Bower. [1] In view of business and technology fields, as discussed by Clayton Christensen, disruptive technology is a technology initially in a form of simple application, then improves and dominates dramatically in the markets, where the markets do not expect. Disruptive technology typically improves in a way that by being lower priced and designed for various disciplines of consumers. [2] Instead of allowing consumers with lots of money or lots of skills to use it, disruptive technology is designed in which allow whole new population of consumers to use it, access its services. [3] For leaders of the existing markets, disruptive technology makes potential threats on them. It is because it competes with the existing leaders of the market in such an unexpected trend. Leaders of the existing markets sometimes fail to compete with disruptive technology since they do not expect disruptive technology can improve and dominate dramatically in the markets. Generally, disruptive technology dominates the existing markets by moving into a new market where the older technology fails to follow. In additional, it enhances and makes improvements in its performance until finally displace the market incumbents. [2] There are lots of examples of disruptive technology such as personal computers, digital memory cards, digital photography, and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). Personal computers displaced the original mainframes computers. The dominant of digital memory cards has displaced the floppy disks which were widely used in the past. [4] Endnotes: [1] Bower, Joseph L. Christensen, Clayton M. (1995). Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave Harvard Business Review, January-February 1995 [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Disruptive Technology (accessed on 6 January 2010) [3] http://www.claytonchristensen.com (accessed on 6 January 2010) [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Examples of disruptive innovations (accessed on 6 January 2010) What is sustainable technology? How does it differ from disruptive technology? (1/2 to one page) Sustainable technology improves established products performance without replacing them. Sustainable technology is usually developed by well-established company which usually holds a leadership position in the corresponding industries. Generally, most of the new technologies and innovations improve the performance of products. The term sustainable technology was introduced by Clayton Christensen in 2003: What all sustaining technologies have in common is that they improve the performance that mainstream customers in major markets have historically valued. [1] In general, sustainable technology does not create side effect on the existing markets. Sustainable technology can be classified into two categories: Revolutionary or Evolutionary. For Revolutionary technology, customers are allowed to deal with a problem in a radically mean while for Evolutionary technology, products in an existing market are improved in such ways that customers are expecting. [2] Sustainable technology aims to sustain the organizations focus, and sustainable technology usually satisfies current customers needs, while disruptive technology does not initially improve the focus of an organization. They sometimes do not have a market when they are created. In view of the difference between incumbents and entrants in terms of technology adoption, since sustainable technologies are well established together with the domination of strong players in their markets, an entrant may choose to begin with alternative technologies. Besides, disruptive technologies have lower gross margins, smaller size of target markets and simpler products, which allow them to carry out by either firm. [3] Nevertheless, when compared to disruptive technology, products of sustainable technology are usually regarded as too expensive to be adopted and preferred instead of too cheap that no one want to adopt and prefer. [4] Endnotes: [1] Christensen C. 2003. The Innovators Dilemma, Harper Collins Press [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia (accessed on 7 January 2010) [3] http://www.claytonchristensen.com (accessed on 6 January 2010) [4] Xiao Huang Greys Sosic 2008. Sustaining vs. Disruptive Technology: Industry Equilibrium under Technology Evolution, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 Managers in successful, on-going business are more comfortable with which type of technology disruptive or sustainable? Explain your answer. Illustrate it with examples. (One page) Instead of disruptive technology, sustainable technology which serves the present customers and puts emphasis on incremental improvements is more comfortable to develop and maintain from the point of views of managers who are doing on-going and successful business. Since the majority of advances are sustainable technologies, with the established technologies, developed good reputation of the organizations and relationship with the customers in the mainstream markets, it is no doubt that managers in on-going business will feel more comfortable in those sustainable technologies. [1] In the mainstream markets, there are enough suppliers willing to develop and support the new technology and customers to buy it. In the computer industry, as a manager of Intel Corporation, it is more comfortable for them to perform continuous advancement on the processing power of Intels integrated chips as a sustainable technology since there are enough suppliers such as Tenco Electronics Co. and IT Market Web to support their development and large groups of mainstream customers to buy them. [2] As a manager in an organization, a stable and sustainable market is preferred. In the healthcare industry, applications which are used to manage the assets and traditional supply chain are usually considered as sustainable applications. It is nothing but the improvements and enhancements in the existing processes for the mainstream customers such as the large hospitals. Suppliers of these applications include the large hospital suppliers and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) consultants. [3] With the large supports behind, managers are much used to prefer sustainable technology. Sometimes, if an organization chooses to adopt disruptive technologies instead of sustainable technologies, rapid technology improvements may overshoot the mainstream markets. This is a significant perplexing problem for a manager in an organization. Taking the producer of graphics cards Nvidia as an example, the development of technologies and products were good initially. [4] However, a large difference to their customers requirement was finally reached when the number of polygons rendered per second was increased rapidly every successive improvement. From the perspective of managers in an on-going, successful business, sustainable technology is more preferred in general. Endnotes: [1] http://www.hartnall.com (accessed on 9 January 2010) [2] http://www.alibaba.com/suppliers/Intel (accessed on 9 January 2010) [3] Karen Crooker, Dirk Baldwin, Suresh Chalasani, RFID Technology: Applications in the Healthcare Industry, European Journal of Scientific Research, 2009 [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Nvidia (accessed on 9 January 2010) What does Christensen mean when he asserts that many great companies went out of business because they were too focused on satisfying their customers stated needs? How can the example of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) be used to illustrate this point? Explain your answer. Illustrate with additional examples. (1 2 Pages) Many great companies were too focused on satisfying their customers stated needs, actually, they do not have much difficulties on succeeding this objective in order to develop their sustainable technology. It is hardly for managers in a good business to pursue in worse margins. But this is the problem, they were too focused on their high-end markets and the low-end disruptive technologies markets sometimes do not make sense to them. Thats why DECs leaders and engineers viewed PCs as underpowered toys. However, DEC finally went out of business. [1] DECs PDP and VAX products were considered the most popular minicomputers for both scientific and engineering industries during the 1970s and 1980s. [2] Their management team was considered as the best team in the industry. However, the emergence of microcomputers had destroyed DEC finally. This was the problem of their business model. The mainstream market for DEC was customers who brought high-end minicomputers at high margins. These computers were wealth to buy powerful computers. In contrast of DECs minicomputers, microcomputers were mass produced to customers who were expected to use low-cost computers with little help from the manufacturers at low margins. Initially, microcomputers could not meet the high-end markets but over a successive improvement, they met the most demanding markets. The reason of the collapse of DEC rather than the microcomputers corporations such as Apple, Dell was that DEC was too focused on their high-end markets and could not develop new markets for their products. DEC was forced by those microcomputers corporations to concentrate on their high-ends markets and customers in which the margins were considered as better and more profitable. However, after improvement of microcomputers performance, most of the microcomputers could do the most jobs as well as the minicomputers did. The dream of DEC was finally over and the most-demanding market was low cost microcomputers ultimately. [3] The other example was Eastman Kodak which missed out the digital photography revolution. In the past, Kodak dominated the chemically based photographic process markets. Their only competitor was the Japanese company, Fuji, but actually did not make too much threat to Kodak at that moment. In the past, Kodak had put hundreds millions of dollars into a chemically based system which focused on satisfying their mainstream customers needs. Nevertheless, an emergence of a disruptive technology digital photography revolution had made a huge punch to Kodak chemically based photographic process business. Digital photography technology was created in Japan. When the first Japanese VHS and Betamax camera systems were available in the markets, Kodaks Polaroid chemically based system no longer made sense when compared to digital photography. Nevertheless, Kodaks did nothing and tried to ignore this tidal wave approaching on them. Finally, they missed the chance of digital photography revolution and lost hundreds millions of dollars of investment which was equivalent to billions dollars today. [4] Although digital photography was developed finally in Kodak nowadays, Kodak had to pay a huge price for their delay in digital photography revolution. The digital transformation required a series of layoffs and facilities closure, cutting 12,000-15,000 jobs around the world. A 20%-25% reduction in its workforce was happened since 2000. [5] In conclusion, refer to Christensen and the examples of DEC and Kodak illustrated in the previous paragraphs it is not a good practice for successful, on-going companies too focused on satisfying their existing customers stated needs. They should develop their wider field of views into a new market and make significant preparation to resist the tidal wave from others disruptive technologies. Endnotes: [1] http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/1999/april/qanda.html (accessed on 10 January 2010) [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Digital Equipment Corporation (accessed on 10 January 2010) [3] http://www.datasentinel.com/files/dataSentinel (accessed on 10 January 2010) [4] http://www.articlesbase.com/, Stock Research Eastman Kodak And The Power Of Disruptive Technologies (accessed on 10 January 2010) [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Eastman Kodak (accessed on 10 January 2010) Explain how lowly disruptive technologies can ultimately surpass successful existing dominant technologies in sales, technical capability, and profitability. Illustrate your answer, using either the example of computer disk technology, power shovel technology, or steel production technology. (1 2 pages) In low-end disruptive technologies, at the beginning, disrupters aim to serve the least profitable customers who are satisfactory with good enough products. These types of customers do not intend to pay lots in improving the functionality of the products. Later, the disrupters try to improve their profit margin by seeking customers who are going to pay little more for better quality of the products. Therefore, the disrupters are required to innovate. It is common for incumbents try to be away from not so profitable margin and move to serve more attractive customers. After successive encounters, the incumbents are pressed out into a smaller market. Finally, the disrupters reach the most profitable markets and expel the established organizations out of the markets. [1] Taking computer disk drives technology as an example, NAND Flash is a typical low-end disruptive technology. [2] NAND Flash has a great impact on computer storage business in view of technical and economic aspects. For the purpose of low storage application, FAND Flash is actually cheaper than the hard disk drives. In terms of random I/O operations, FAND Flash has a higher performance than hard disk drives. A single NAND SSD can have a 10-30K random I/O operations per second (IOPS), while a single hard disk drive can only have 250 IOPS. At the markets where customers interest in low storage capacity rather than high storage capacity, FAND Flash is much more cost effective than hard disk drives. In order words, FAND Flash has squeezed hard disk drives out of the low-storage business market. The cost of mechanical components of a hard disk is around $20, while the disk controller costs around $3. [2] The smallest capacity of a hard disk is a single platter and additional platters provide incremental capacity. Say, the smallest capacity platter of a modern 2.5 hard disk drive is 160GB and capacity will increase over time when technical capabilities improve. The cost of a single NAND Flash chip is generally between $1 and $8, depending on performance and density. Currently, a 4GB NAND chip using multi-level cells (MLC) costs around $7 while the controller is the same of that in hard disk drives. [2] For certain capacities, say lower storage capacity, NAND Flash actually costs less than the minimum cost of a hard disk drive. This is the reason behind why USB storage drives usually adopt the use of NAND Flash. Now, it can be explained that below the cross-over point, FAND Flash is much more cost effective while above the cross-over point, hard disk drives are much more cost effective. However, it is of great importance that we should be noticed that the shifting of the cross-over point towards a higher storage capacities. Moores law has a long history in the application of computer hardware. The capabilities of many electronic devices are strongly related to Moores law, such as the storage capacity. [3] NAND Flash which is made of semiconductor is benefited from Moores law. With the improvement of performance of semiconductor, the storage capacity of FAND Flash has exponentially increased, and so the hard disk drives do. Therefore, FAND Flash will not squeezed hard disk drives out of high-storage capacity. Nevertheless, the cross-over point is moving towards a higher storage capacity, say today it is around 16GB but four years later, it is around 64GB, and eight years later, the cross-over point might even reach to around 400GB. [2] As a result, the low-end market of FAND Flash is expanding continuously. The markets below the cross-over point of FAND Flash are expanding while putting the markets of hard disk drives below cross-over point into pressure and diminished. It gives us an implication that wh en the cross-over point exceeds the amount of storage capacity needed, people will move to buy the cheaper one computer memory storage disk, that is the FAND Flash. Therefore, hard disk drives will finally be out of business. In conclusion, taking the example of FAND Flash and hard disk drives in computer disk technology, low-end disruptive technologies can ultimately surpass successful existing dominant technologies. Endnotes: [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Disruptive Technology (accessed on 12 January 2010) [2] http://www.realworldtech.com/, NAND Flash: A Classic Disruptive Technology by David Kanter, 30th December 2009 (accessed on 12 January 2010) [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Wikipedia, Moores law (accessed on 12 January 2010) For each of the following categories of employees in a successful company, explain why individuals in these categories are reluctant to champion disruptive technologies in their organization: Senior executive (1/2 to one page) Middle managers (1/2 to one page) Sales people (1/2 to one page) Senior executive From the point of views of senior executives, the change of the developed mature organizational structures is irrelevant and they found difficult in changing their mature organizational structures. A director in a global grocery business said that: One of the most difficult challenges I face is going into the board room and asking for changes in our operations and structures, since the original manuals were written by three main board members about 15 years ago. [1] In additional, when consider the investment of new technology, senior executives have to ensure that the investment in new technology is appropriate. This technology should keep track with the current technological systems. It is a difficult task for senior executives to write off previous investment and invest into a new technology. However, it is the most important decision they have to make. Middle managers In a maturing organization, middle managers usually tend to become too comfortable on their normal works. They are not willing to champion disruptive technologies since it is not worth for them to taking risks outside their comfort zone. They are not willing to champion disruptive technologies since it is not worth for them to take risks outside their comfort zone. Most of the middle managers are too focused within their disciplines to give their work assignments. They are not willing to take risks to identify ideas or technologies outside their disciplines. In additional, they find that it is of a great challenge to manage and lead an interdisciplinary team. [1] In a maturing organization, since the knowledge has been accumulated for many years, this knowledge developed from past experiences is the routines and behaviors for middle managers to follow. From the point of views of middle managers, it does not make any sense to discard this knowledge. Middle managers are usually unwilling to get rid of their routines and behaviors. Sales people Similarly, sales people in a maturing organization are reluctant to champion disruptive technologies in their organization. As they are used to sell their products and technologies based on their major disciplines, it is not comfortable and does not make sense to sell new technologies to customers who are out of their current disciplines. [2] A well and stable relationship between sales people and clients is developed and established in a maturing organization, it is difficult for them to sell new technologies or the unexpected disruptive technologies to their long-term customers without support indeed. From the point of views of sales people, disruptive technologies are new technologies which are required to explore a new market of customers. As a sales people, they are reluctant to develop relationship with an unexpected group of customers, sometimes, it is difficult for them to find new customers if the disruptive technologies are not successful. They do not want to take risk to explore into those unexpected region. Endnotes: [1] http://www.allbusiness.com (accessed on 15 January 2010) [2] Albert Harold Rubenstein, Eliezer Geisler, Installing and managing workable knowledge management systems, Greenwood Publishing Group 2003 What can organizations do to encourage the fostering of disruptive technologies? (One page) From the management point of views, there are several managerial recommendations for organizations to encourage the fostering of disruptive technologies. These recommendations for organizations are discussed in the following paragraphs. First, it is of great importance for organizations to know that options are not limited. Organizations should not be fixed in the ground, where just fulfill their current customers needs. They should keep searching for options, although taking the chances randomly is a little bit risky. However, taking the opposite point of views, it is worth to keep discover options to defend the threats from other disruptive technologies. [1] Second, a knowledge-based organization must be developed continually in nowadays markets. Organizations should look further, be proactive and have a wider sight of views. The internal and external environments in an organization should be closely monitored. Once there is a sudden change or threat come from, the organization can respond to the change appropriately for both internal and external environments. Executive management should be dynamic, keep track with the change of business ecosystem such that they can set up the proper and latest organizational strategies to guide the organizations. [1] The third focus is the organizations structure which has a great impact on how the firm can respond to change appropriately. Actually, organization structure is the most important factor to determine the operation of a business. A well executive leadership and management plans can hardly succeed if there is no flexible organization structure which responds and adopts effectively and efficiently to the changes. [1] Leaders at the executive level should have a clear mind on the organization structures and the implications of that structure in order to develop and foster a disruptive technology successfully, enhance the competitiveness of the organization in the markets. In additional, it is important to analyze the relationship between radical research and the established business units. Establishing some distance between these two is critical. Organizations should aware that there is a potential risk of creating a sustainable product instead of a disruptive product, if the business units are allowed to affect the end product too much. [1] Eventually, according to Bower and Christensens article, Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave, a potential disruptive technology is sometimes considered as unpleasant by traditional project management systems. [2] Therefore, the systems should encourage employees to have a wider sight of view. Employees at all levels of the organizations should be interested about advance technologies for both inside and outside their industries. In order to be successful, goals and values should be incorporated into the organizations guiding principles. Endnotes: [1] Dr. LEE, TERADYNE CASE, BUSA 541. The JKF Group, 12th October 2002 [2] Bower, Joseph L. Christensen, Clayton M. (1995). Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave Harvard Business Review, January-February 1995 Essay Lets say you have been asked to write a book review of The Innovators Dilemma by a leading scholarly business journal. This should be an in-depth review of roughly five pages length (single space). In the review, you should do the following: Highlight key points raised by Christensen Discuss how Christensens views are revolutionary, in the sense that they go against much of what we have been taught by business schools (e.g., Do all you can to satisfy the customer) Discuss how Christensens insights reveal a major reason that organizations resist change Discuss possible weaknesses of Christensens approach for example, are there technologies and/or areas of business and government where his viewpoints dont make sense? (Hint: The answer is yes.) Use the book review as an opportunity to showcase your personal views (the best book reviews always do this) A book review on Clayton Christensens book, The Innovators Dilemma In this book, Christensen has highlighted some key points regarding the term disruptive technologies. Sometimes, it could be called disruptive innovations. Disruptive technologies or innovations were considered as technologies or innovations overturning the existing order in an industry. Initially, customers who were not served by the current market were the main target of disruptive technologies and innovations. Under successive capacity or performance improvements, the low-end innovations squeezed out the incumbents in the mainstream markets. Christensen criticized incumbents were not sensitive to the disruptive technologies and incumbents usually focused on satisfying the needs of their mainstream customers. In general, incumbents did not respond sensitively to resist the threat brought from others disruptive technologies until it were too late to do anything, say an organization finally went out of business. Sometimes, managers were not comfortable and not interested in those low margins. They were not willing to develop disruptive technologies or innovations as they considered exploring a new market was taking a risk. Christensen have explained the reason behind why organizations collapsed and failed in their business in spite of being the top position in the markets, having the ability to develop the best and capable sustainable innovations and technologies in their industries. This is a problem of their business model. Sustainable technologies improvement was not the reason for the leaders went out of business in an industry. At the time being, they developed their ability and capability to compete in their high-end market. Nevertheless, it was mentioned by Christensen that these were sustainable technologies and innovations which were already utilized by the best organizations in the industries. Following an s-curve, improving performance was already expected by their customers. With the well established relationships with clients, well developed reputation, sufficient money and more advance technological power in the market, leaders usually did not fail. Until the emergence of disruptive technologies, the story had changed. Disruptive technologies were even a nightmare of managers. In the contrary, disruptive technologies are so much cheaper, where they explored and opened a new market in which the mainstream incumbents did not consider to explore. But at the moment the rate of improvement of performance of the disruptive technologies and innovations exceeds the users demands, they surpassed the high-end and mainstream technologies and innovations ultimately. Christensens views were revolutionary in view of technological and innovative business. He mentioned that great firms succeeded because they listened to their customers needs and invested aggressively in the technologies and innovations. Nevertheless, at the mean time, great firms failed with the same reason, listened to their customers and put their great effort to satisfy their customers. It was revolutionary compared to the traditional concept of business schools, which sold the concept of doing all the best to satisfy your customers. Christensen did research on the history of disk drive industry. He showed the reasons behind why the leading established drive markers were unable to reach the 8-inch drive market. It is because of the delay of strategic commitment to enter into the emerging market. Christensens insights had revealed a major reason why great established firms in the markets resist to changes. Christensen had mentioned that since established organizations structure and groups working together were facilitating the design of its dominant technologies and innovations, the organizations structure and the groups learning to work together could be affected and could not design new products. Organizations required very different technological capabilities called radical change. Actually, established firms were sensitive, aggressive and innovative in terms of their sustainable technologies and innovations. But the reasons why they resisted changes were the problem of downward vision and mobility in terms of Christensens trajectory map. Finding changes and new technologies markets for each of the firms seemed to appear once when they were first established and then apparently lost finally. This resistance to changes kept going continuously. Despite there were much supportive commentaries on Christensens approach regarding the issue on disruptive technologies and innovations, but nothing is perfect. There were some weaknesses of his approach. It seemed that Christensens view did not consider the overall socio-political environment and human factors in reality. In this book, the large integrated steel mills industries displaced by those mini-mills steel industries was taken as an example by Christensen. Christensen put emphasis on how mini-mill first entering into the low margin markets and then squeezed out the integrated mills when mini-mill technology, performance and quality improved. Nevertheless, the relieving effects of labor-management relationships were not considered in this case by Christensen. He did not consider if the unions want to accept new labor rules requiring more flexible job descriptions. Whether management willing to adjust pay scales with workers who were trained in and able to perform jobs was not considered. However, obviously, Christensen did not consider the effects of labor-management relationships. Moreover, for the example of replacement of steam shoves by hydraulically operated equipment, one question should be asked, Were labor unions, and management, averse to retraining equipment operators who had many yea rs invested in becoming adept in operation and use of, a particular technology? In general, in view of human nature, people approached to keep away from changes, especially unexpected changes from disruptive technologies. However, disruptive technologies required people to accept and adopt the changes. It did not a must for people being reluctant to disruptive technology. There were small portions of people who chasing the latest technologies and placed cost into lower level of consideration. These were the first groups of people to accept disruptive technologies. Taking personal computers as an example, actually, they were expensive and did not have too many functions when they were first introduced in 1970s. (Wikipedia, 2010) Most people did not recognize the use of personal computers at home. But with those groups of people who like chasing the latest technologies, eventually, prices went down and performance of personal computers climbed up. Ultimately, people began to use personal computers in home and workplaces. Christensen in his book mentioned that disruptive technologies came from a low cost margin and displaced the high-end margin. However, Christensens disruptive technologies or innovations did n